Cells are often connected in parallel to achieve the required energy capacity of large-scale battery systems. However, the current on each branch could exhibit oscillation, thus causing concerns about current runaway or even system divergence.
Parallel battery systems are found to inflict another intrinsic energy loss due to the inconsistency between cells on different branches.
Nevertheless, we also warn about some risks behind stability. First, parallel battery systems inflict intrinsic capacity loss due to cell inconsistencies, causing capacity loss even reaching up to 34% according to the terminals of the closed orbit.
We show the parallel battery system to be essentially a convergent, stable, and robust system with a highly precise and absolutely reliable battery management system. The long-term trajectory of batteries connected in parallel in repeated cycles will be enveloped in a closed orbit insensitive to initial states of systems.
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Cells are often connected in parallel to achieve the required energy capacity of large-scale battery systems. However, the current on each branch coul
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