The fundamental building block of any solar panel circuit is the photovoltaic (PV) cell, which converts incident photons into electrical energy via the photovoltaic effect. A PV cell operates as a p-n junction semiconductor, where electron-hole pairs are generated upon photon. . Electricity, or a flow of electrons, is typically encountered in two forms: Direct Current (DC) where the electrons flow from the 'hot' or supply to ground which is typically seen in small electronics and is delivered in most photovoltaic cells. It is what will be examined in today's investigation. . The photovoltaic effect arises from the interaction of photons with semiconductor materials, generating electron-hole pairs. When photons with energy Ephoton ≥ Eg (where Eg is the bandgap energy) strike a semiconductor, they excite electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. Battery Role: Batteries store solar energy to ensure a consistent power supply, even when sunlight is not available.
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